I. 独立主格结构的基本概念
由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能
独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
1、名词或代词主格 + 分词
①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格 + 形容词
①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!
3、名词或代词主格 + 不定式
The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。4、名词或代词主格 + 介词短语
① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。 5、名词或代词主格 + 副词
① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。 III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。
① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为:
Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为:
Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"(例①)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例②)。
①Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。
② When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots. (人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。
IV. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:
Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从……判断,Supposing 假设,等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
②Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
② To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
英语中表示被动意义的最主要的方法是使用被动结构,即"动作承受者+动词被动态",但有时用主动结构也可以表示被动意义.
一、 用不定式的主动结构表示被动意义
1. 不定式作定语,与其所修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系.例如:
I have a lot of work to do. Give me something to drink.
2. 不定式用在形容词easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, nice, dangerous, comfortable, exciting, funny, light, heavy, important, good, interesting等后作状语.例如:
This text is easy to understand. They found the question difficult to answer.
3. 不定式to let(出租), to blame(责备)等作表语.例如:
The house is to let. Who is to blame for it?
4. 在too... to... 结构中.例如:
The problem was too complicated for us to solve.
5. 在there be 句型中.例如: There is nothing to read.
二、 用动名词的主动结构表示被动意义
1. 在形容词worth之后.例如:
This book is worth reading. His suggestion is worth considering.
2. 在need, want, require, deserve, bear, stand等动词之后.例如:
This house needs repairing. The boy deserves whipping.
3. 在介词past,beyond之后.例如: The old watch is past repairing.
The beauty of the West Lake is really beyond describing.
三、 用动词的主动结构表示被动意义
这类动词通常都是既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词,当作为不及物动词用于"主语+动词(主动式)"结构中时,往往含有被动意义.
1. 用动词的进行式(主要是现在进行式)表示被动意义,这种句子的主语通常都是指物的,而且可转换为相应的被动结构.例如:
The house is building. = The house is being built.
2. 用动词的主动结构(常用一般现在时)表示被动意义,这类句子的主语(也是指物的居多)通常具有某些内在的特征,能够促使动词所表示的动作得以实现或难以实现.而动词常与well, easily, badly, poorly, nicely等修饰语连用,或与一些表示否定意义的词如not, hardly, scarcely等连用.例如:
This cloth washes well. Damp wood will not fire.
3. 表示感觉的系动词,如look, sound, feel, taste, smell等可用主动形式表示被动意义.例如: His conclusion certainly sounded reasonable.
A baby's skin feels smooth.
（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式
独立主格结构的构成方式为：名词普通格或代词主格＋现在分词／过去分词／不定式／名词／形容词／副词／介词短语等。使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。
1． 名词或代词＋现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如：
The man lay there, his hands trembling.
那个男子躺在那儿，双手在颤抖。
有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如：
The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming.
天气晴朗，我们决定去游泳。
2． 名词或代词＋过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如：
The girl sat there silent,her head bent low.
这姑娘一声不响，低着头坐在那里。
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
各方面考虑起来，她的论文比你的论文更要有价值一些。
3． 名词或代词＋不定式（短语）
不定式表示将来的动作。如：
He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.
他建议去野餐，由玛丽负责提供食物。
Time is pressing, two hours to go only.
时间紧迫，只剩两个小时了。
4． 名词或代词＋名词（短语） 如：
Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
许多人参加了这项工作，其中一些人是妇女和儿童。
5． 名词或代词＋形容词（短语）
形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质或状态。如：
The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
地面很湿，我们只好在外面呆一会儿。
6． 名词或代词＋副词
副词也多是说明前面名词或代词的状态。如：
The meeting over, we all went home.
会议结束了，我们都回家了。
7． 名词或代词＋介词短语 如：
The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
老师进来了，手里拿着一本书。
有时，独立主格结构中名词前面的定语可以省略。如：
The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed.
A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand.
二 独立主格结构的作用
1． 作状语 1） 表示时间 如：
Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping. 2） 表示原因 如：
There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home.
3） 表示条件 如：
Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football.
4） 表示方式或伴随 如：
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
2． 作同位语 如：
There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen.
三 独立主格前面有时可以加上介词with或without，构成介词的复合结构。这种结构在句中主要用作状语，也可用作定语。如：
He stood on the deck with his hand waving to us.（状语）
他站在甲板上向我们频频挥手。
He went out without a hat on his head.（状语）
他头上没戴帽子就出去了。
Do you know the girl with a bag on her back?（定语）
你认识那个后背上背包的女孩吗？
10.1 独立主格
（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
1. I couldn't do my homework with all that noise ______.
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 2. I sent you 100 dollars today, the rest _____ in a year.
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
3. _____ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor's help to end her life.
A. Having given up hope of cure B. With no hope for cure C. In the hope of cure 2004年 独立主格结构及 with 复合结构
1. It was a pity that the great writer died _______ his works unfinished.
A. for B. with C. from D. of spr2000-spr2004年 独立主格结构及 with 复合结构
1. With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
-1999年 独立主格结构及 with 复合结构
1. He slept well _____ all the windows open.
A. when B. while C. with D. because 2. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _____ behind his back.
A. being tired B. having tired C. to be tired D. tired 5. _____ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.
A. As long as B. As far as C. Just as D. Even if
1. Which do you think tastes ______, the chicken or the fish?
A. well B. good C. better D. best 2. ─ We haven't heard from Jane for a long time.
─ What do you suppose ______ to her ?
A. was happening B. to happen
C. has happened D. having happened 3. The pen I ______ I ________ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think; lost B. thought; had lost
C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost 4. ─ I haven't heard from Henry for a long time.
─ What do you suppose _____ to him?
A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. had happened (NMET/上海/1997/11)
（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例： the test finished, we began our holiday.
= when the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
the president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= after the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
this done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
the meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
he came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
he came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
with的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: he stood there, his hand raised.
= he stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例题
the murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied
答案d. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选d.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但